What are Demodex Mites?
Demodex is a type of minuscule mite genus that inhabits the hair follicles of mammals or their vicinity. There are approximately 65 known species of Demodex. Among them, two species reside in humans: Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis, commonly known as eyelash mites, face mites, or skin mites interchangeably.
Different species of Demodex are hosted by different animals. For instance, Demodex canis is found in domestic dogs. It's common for various mammalian species to harbor Demodex without causing any noticeable symptoms. The term "Demodex" originates from the Greek words δημός (dēmos), meaning "fat," and δήξ, δηκός (dēx, dēkós), meaning "woodworm."
Are there Different Types of Demodex Mites?
Two primary species of Demodex inhabit humans:
Demodex folliculorum: These mites typically inhabit smaller hair follicles, particularly those around the eyelashes, where they feed on skin cells.
Demodex brevis: These mites are usually found near the oil glands within hair follicles, where they feed on sebum, a greasy substance produced by oil glands.
What is the Appearance of Demodex Mites?
Demodex mites are extremely small, measuring between 0.15 to 0.4 millimeters (mm). It would require several of them to cover the head of a pin.
Under a microscope, these mites appear somewhat transparent and are covered with scales. They have an elongated body divided into two segments. The first segment consists of eight legs and a mouth.
During sleep, the mites emerge from the skin's pores, mate, and then return to the skin to lay eggs.
How Common is Demodicosis?
Although Demodex mites are prevalent, demodicosis, the condition they cause, is relatively rare.
Who is at Risk of Demodicosis?
Demodicosis is more likely to affect individuals who:
- Receiving immunosuppressants (e.g., post-organ transplantation).
- Undergoing chemotherapy.
- Having an immunodeficiency disease like HIV/AIDS.
- Having other skin conditions such as rosacea.
- Using itch-relieving creams on the face, like hydrocortisone cream.
Symptoms and Causes
What causes demodicosis?
Demodicosis arises when there's an overgrowth of face mites, typically due to compromised immune function.
What are the symptoms of Demodex folliculitis?
Symptoms of demodicosis can appear suddenly, seemingly overnight, and may include:
- Burning Sensation.
- Itchiness.
- Pustules resembling whiteheads.
- Redness.
- Rough skin texture, akin to sandpaper.
- Scales, possibly resembling eczema.
- Sensitivity of the skin.
- White sheen on the skin or eyelashes.
If the condition affects the eyes, symptoms may include:
- Decreased vision.
- Eye irritation and itchiness.
- Loss of eyelashes.
- Thickened or scaly eyelids.
Are Demodex Mites Contagious?
Demodex mites can spread from one person to another. Babies are not born with these mites but acquire them from the people they live with.
Diagnosis and Tests
How is Demodex Folliculitis Diagnosed?
If you suspect you have a Demodex mite infestation causing symptoms, consult your healthcare provider or dermatologist. They may conduct tests such as:
Dermoscopy: This procedure employs a strong light and magnifying lens to examine the skin, potentially revealing spiky white structures in your pores.
- Skin biopsy: A small sample of skin is taken for microscopic examination.
- Skin scraping: This technique gathers a small sample of skin cells and oils from the surface for analysis.
Management and Treatment
How is Demodicosis Treated?
While most people harbor Demodex mites without issue, treatment becomes necessary if the mites proliferate excessively and cause symptoms. Treatment typically involves the use of a cream, gel, lotion, or wash containing an acaricide—a pesticide effective against ticks and mites.
Your healthcare provider may suggest the following treatments:
- Benzyl benzoate
- Crotamiton
- Ivermectin
- Metronidazole
- Permethrin
- Salicylic acid
- Selenium sulfide
- Sulfur products
Prevention
How can I lower my risk of demodicosis?
While it's not possible to eliminate Demodex mites through washing or scrubbing, you may reduce the risk of infestation by maintaining clean skin. This helps remove excess oil and dead skin cells that the mites feed on. For instance:
- Avoid thick, oily skincare products that can block pores with oil and dead skin cells.
- Gently exfoliate your skin once a week.
- Wash your face twice daily.
Outlook/Prognosis
What can I expect if I have demodicosis?
The outlook for demodicosis depends on its underlying cause. If you have an immunodeficiency condition, demodicosis may recur.
Living With
How can I eliminate face mites at home?
Attempting to remove face mites on your own is generally not effective. If you suspect demodicosis, consult your healthcare provider for safe and effective treatment. In the meantime, maintain a routine of washing your face twice daily with a gentle cleanser.
A message from Dr. Kashif Aesthetic Clinic:
Demodex mites naturally inhabit the hair follicles of nearly every human. While they typically don't cause issues, excessive multiplication can lead to demodicosis. If you notice itchy, bumpy, or red skin on your face, consult your healthcare provider or dermatologist for guidance.
